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Ageing is a natural and inevitable part of life. It involves gradual changes in our bodies that make us more prone to illness and less able to recover from injuries. On the outside, this might mean developing wrinkles or greying hair. On the inside, our cells and organs also undergo changes that affect how well they function. While this process is universal, the rate at which we age can vary depending on genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors.
The global trend of ageing populations
Across the world, people are living longer than ever before. Thanks to medical advancements, better nutrition, and improved public health, the average lifespan has significantly increased. The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that by 2050, the number of people aged 60 and above will double, exceeding 2 billion globally.
Countries like Japan, Italy, and Singapore are already experiencing the impact of ageing populations. While longevity is a sign of progress, it also brings challenges. Governments and communities need to ensure there are sufficient healthcare services, financial support systems, and opportunities for older adults to stay active and engaged in society.
The science behind ageing
Scientists have made significant strides in understanding why we age. In their recent study, López-Otín et al. (2023) identified key factors contributing to ageing at the cellular and molecular levels (Figure 1). Here are some of the main factors they highlighted:
DNA damage and genomic instability
Our DNA, which provides instructions for how cells function, can get damaged over time, leading to malfunctioning cells.Telomere shortening
Telomeres, the protective caps at the ends of chromosomes, shorten with each cell division, eventually causing cells to stop dividing.
Epigenetic changes
The regulation of our genes can change, leading to improper cell function.Mitochondrial dysfunction
Mitochondria, responsible for producing energy, become less efficient and release harmful molecules that damage cells.Cellular senescence
Some damaged cells stop dividing but remain in the body, releasing harmful substances that affect neighboring cells.
Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing interventions that may one day slow the ageing process.
Can we slow down ageing?
Longo V D et al. (2015) explored potential ways to slow down ageing and extend healthy lifespan. They highlighted the following approaches:
Caloric restriction
Eating fewer calories without malnutrition has been shown to extend lifespan and reduce age-related diseases in animals.Intermittent fasting
Limiting food intake to specific hours of the day can improve metabolism and promote cellular health.Pharmacological interventions
Drugs like rapamycin and metformin are being studied for their ability to mimic the effects of caloric restriction, reduce inflammation, and improve cellular function.
While these methods show promise, there are still ethical and societal concerns. Prolonging life without ensuring a high quality of life could increase healthcare burdens and exacerbate inequality. More research is needed to understand the long-term effects of these interventions in humans.
Conclusion
While science may one day help us slow down ageing, a longer life is not necessarily a better one without purpose and fulfillment. Instead of focusing solely on adding years to our lives, we should aim to add life to our years. This means staying physically active, maintaining social connections, and pursuing activities that bring joy and meaning.
For many, ageing can be a time of reflection and growth. It’s an opportunity to spend time with loved ones, explore new hobbies, and contribute to the community. By adopting a positive mindset and taking care of our bodies and minds, we can experience a fulfilling and rewarding later life.
Ultimately, it’s not about trying to outrun ageing but about embracing it with grace and making the most of every moment. After all, a life lived without regrets, surrounded by purpose and joy, is far more valuable than simply living longer.
