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Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia, a progressive brain disorder that gradually impairs memory, thinking skills, and the ability to perform everyday tasks. It is characterised by the accumulation of abnormal proteins in the brain, leading to nerve cell damage and loss of function. While memory loss is the most well-known symptom, Alzheimer’s disease also affects behavior, communication, and overall cognitive abilities.
Prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease
Globally, Alzheimer’s disease affects over 55 million people, with nearly 10 million new cases diagnosed every year. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), dementia cases are expected to triple by 2050 due to population ageing. Alzheimer’s disease primarily affects older adults, with the risk significantly increasing after the age of 65. Women are disproportionately affected, making up nearly two-thirds of Alzheimer’s disease patients, partly due to their longer life expectancy.
Alzheimer’s vs. other neurodegenerative diseases
Alzheimer’s disease is often confused with other conditions like vascular dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and normal ageing. Unlike normal age-related forgetfulness, Alzheimer’s disease causes progressive cognitive decline that interferes with daily life. While vascular dementia is caused by reduced blood flow to the brain (often due to strokes), Parkinson’s disease leads to movement disorders along with cognitive decline in later stages. Identifying Alzheimer’s disease correctly is crucial for proper management.
What causes Alzheimer’s disease?
The exact cause of Alzheimer’s disease remains unclear, but it is linked to an abnormal buildup of beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain, leading to nerve cell death. Genetic factors, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and lifestyle factors such as poor diet and lack of exercise may contribute to disease onset and progression.
Signs and symptoms
Early signs of Alzheimer’s disease include:
Memory loss that disrupts daily life
Difficulty in problem-solving and decision-making
Confusion about time and place
Trouble finding words or following conversations
Mood and personality changes, such as irritability or withdrawal
As the disease progresses, symptoms worsen, leading to severe memory loss, inability to recognise loved ones, difficulty walking, and total dependence on caregivers.
How does Alzheimer’s disease affect a person
Alzheimer’s disease gradually robs individuals of their independence. Initially, they may forget appointments or misplace items. Over time, they struggle with routine tasks like dressing and bathing. As cognitive functions decline, they may experience paranoia, agitation, and hallucinations, making caregiving increasingly challenging.
Risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease
Several factors increase the risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease:
Age
The strongest risk factor; most cases occur after 65.Family history
A genetic predisposition can elevate risk.Lifestyle choices
Poor diet, smoking, and lack of physical activity increase vulnerability.Chronic conditions
Hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and high cholesterol contribute to cognitive decline.Head trauma
Previous brain injuries may raise Alzheimer’s disease risk.
Complications of Alzheimer’s disease
Alzheimer’s disease affects more than just memory; it can lead to:
Difficulty swallowing and eating, increasing the risk of malnutrition
Loss of mobility, leading to falls and fractures
Increased susceptibility to infections like pneumonia
Severe communication impairments
Emotional distress and caregiver burden
Treatments and therapies
There is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, but treatments can slow progression and manage symptoms:
Medications
Cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., donepezil, rivastigmine) and memantine help regulate brain chemicals.Lifestyle interventions
Regular physical activity, cognitive stimulation, and social engagement can improve quality of life.Behavioral therapies
Addressing anxiety, agitation, and depression through structured routines and environmental modifications.Support programs: Caregiver education, respite care, and community resources offer essential assistance.
Living with Alzheimer’s disease
Adapting to life with Alzheimer’s disease requires careful planning, patience, and support from family members and caregivers. Establishing a structured daily routine helps reduce confusion and anxiety, making it easier for individuals with Alzheimer’s disease to navigate their day. Using reminders, calendars, and assistive technologies can aid memory and independence for as long as possible.
Engaging in cognitive exercises such as puzzles, music therapy, and simple, familiar activities can provide mental stimulation and emotional comfort. Creating a safe home environment by minimising hazards, installing handrails, and using labels for common household items can help prevent accidents.
Additionally, emotional and social support is crucial—joining support groups can provide reassurance and guidance for both patients and caregivers. Seeking professional assistance when needed, such as in-home care or respite services, can relieve caregiver burden while ensuring quality care for individuals with Alzheimer’s disease.
Preventing Alzheimer’s disease
While Alzheimer’s disease cannot be entirely prevented, certain lifestyle changes may reduce the overall risk:
Healthy diet
The Mediterranean diet, rich in fruits, vegetables, and healthy fats, supports brain health.Regular exercise
Physical activity improves blood flow and reduces inflammation.Mental stimulation
Lifelong learning, reading, and social activities keep the brain engaged.Managing health conditions
Controlling diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol lowers risk.Quality sleep
Poor sleep patterns are linked to increased beta-amyloid buildup.
Conclusion
Alzheimer’s disease is a growing global concern, but early intervention, lifestyle adjustments, and proper support can improve quality of life. If you or a loved one are experiencing memory problems, consult a healthcare professional for screening and early diagnosis. Taking proactive steps today—through brain-healthy habits and awareness—can help protect cognitive function for years to come.