Page Contents
Dementia is not a single disease but a broad term used to describe a decline in cognitive function that interferes with daily life. It affects memory, thinking, orientation, comprehension, calculation, learning capacity, language, and judgment. As our global population ages, understanding dementia and its common types has never been more important. While it can be a frightening diagnosis, knowledge can empower families, caregivers, and communities to provide better care and support for those affected.
Prevalence
According to the World Health Organization, over 55 million people worldwide are living with dementia, with nearly 10 million new cases every year. In Singapore alone, it is estimated that 1 in 11 people aged 60 and above has dementia, and this number is projected to grow as the population ages. Alzheimer’s Disease International warns that dementia will become a global health crisis if we do not prepare ourselves with adequate education and caregiving resources. Knowing the types of dementia can help early detection and improve quality of life.
The 4 common subtypes of dementia
While there are over 100 known types of dementia, the following four are the most common:
- Alzheimer’s Disease
The most common form, accounting for 60–70% of all dementia cases. It is characterised by the build-up of amyloid plaques and tau tangles in the brain, leading to progressive memory loss, confusion, and changes in behavior. - Vascular Dementia
Often caused by reduced blood flow to the brain, commonly due to strokes or mini-strokes. It leads to problems with planning, reasoning, and judgment more than memory loss in the early stages. - Lewy Body Dementia (LBD)
This type is linked to abnormal deposits of a protein called alpha-synuclein, known as Lewy bodies, which affect brain chemistry. People with LBD may experience visual hallucinations, sleep disturbances, and motor symptoms similar to Parkinson’s disease. - Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD)
Unlike Alzheimer’s, FTD tends to occur earlier (typically between ages 40 and 65) and primarily affects the frontal and temporal lobes, leading to changes in personality, behaviour, and language rather than memory.
Common risk factors
While some causes of dementia are beyond our control, many risk factors are modifiable. Age remains the strongest known risk factor, but genetics, lifestyle, cardiovascular health, diabetes, smoking, alcohol use, and even social isolation also play significant roles. Research shows that addressing midlife hypertension, hearing loss, obesity, and depression can significantly reduce one’s risk of developing dementia later in life.
Symptoms related to specific subtypes
Each subtype of dementia presents unique challenges:
Alzheimer’s Disease
Memory loss, confusion, difficulty finding words, repetitive questions.Vascular Dementia
Problems with attention, planning, slower thinking, mood swings.Lewy Body Dementia
Fluctuating attention, hallucinations, muscle rigidity, tremors.Frontotemporal Dementia
Personality changes, impulsive behaviour, loss of empathy, difficulty in speech or understanding language.
Recognising these differences is crucial in providing personalised and effective care.
Treatments and interventions
Although there is currently no cure for dementia, a combination of medical treatments, non-pharmacological therapies, and lifestyle strategies can significantly improve symptoms, delay progression, and enhance quality of life for both individuals and caregivers.
- Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST)
CST is a structured programme involving group activities and exercises designed to improve memory, problem-solving, and language skills. It’s evidence-based and particularly beneficial for individuals with mild to moderate dementia, enhancing both cognition and quality of life. - Physical exercise programmes
Regular aerobic and strength-training exercises have been shown to improve brain health, slow cognitive decline, and support mobility and mood. Activities like walking, tai chi, and chair-based exercises are accessible and adaptable for older adults. - Speech and language therapy
Speech therapists help individuals cope with communication challenges and swallowing difficulties. These interventions are especially valuable for those with Frontotemporal Dementia or late-stage Alzheimer’s, where speech and comprehension may be significantly affected. - Occupational therapy
Occupational therapists assess daily living skills and recommend adaptations or tools to maintain independence. This can include modifying the home environment, teaching techniques to manage tasks, and enhancing safety to prevent falls or accidents. - Psychoeducation and carer support
Providing families and caregivers with knowledge about dementia, progression, and coping strategies is essential. Support groups, counselling, and structured education programmes empower caregivers, reduce stress, and improve the care recipient’s outcomes. - Diet and lifestyle interventions
A balanced, nutrient-rich diet, such as the Mediterranean or MIND diet, supports brain health. Limiting processed foods, increasing intake of antioxidants and omega-3s, staying hydrated, and avoiding alcohol misuse are all protective factors. Sleep hygiene, mental engagement (e.g., puzzles, reading), and strong social connections also contribute to overall cognitive wellbeing. - Medications
In selected cases, medications such as cholinesterase inhibitors (e.g., Donepezil, Rivastigmine) and NMDA receptor antagonists (e.g., Memantine) may help manage symptoms, particularly in Alzheimer’s Disease and Lewy Body Dementia. However, these do not cure the disease and are used to optimise function where appropriate.
By integrating these medical and therapeutic approaches into a person-centred care plan, we not only improve day-to-day functioning but also uphold the dignity and autonomy of individuals living with dementia.
How to care for family members with dementia
Caring for someone with dementia is both a profound act of love and a significant challenge. It requires patience, understanding, and resilience. Here are some principles to guide caregivers:
Create a safe environment
Simplify surroundings, use labels and visual cues, reduce clutter.Maintain routines
Consistency helps reduce confusion and anxiety.Communicate with empathy
Speak slowly, maintain eye contact, and listen actively, even when comprehension is limited.Look after yourself
Caregiver burnout is real. Join support groups, take regular breaks, and seek professional help when needed.Engage meaningfully
Involve the person in familiar tasks, play their favorite music, look at old photos, anything that sparks joy and connection.
Conclusion
Dementia may be a life-changing diagnosis, but it doesn’t mean the end of a meaningful life. With knowledge, compassion, and community support, people living with dementia can continue to enjoy rich relationships and fulfilling moments.
As caregivers, professionals, and citizens, our role is to create a world that recognises the person behind the condition, offering dignity, respect, and care at every stage of the journey.
Let us continue to learn, support, and advocate for our loved ones, and for the future of ageing with grace.